打手脚 打腰背 为啥麻醉部位各不同******
很多手术患者会有这样一个疑问：同样是做手术、打麻醉，为什么有的人是在手脚上打针，有的人还要在腰背部打针？是不是麻醉就是打一针、睡一觉，手术就做完了？今天，麻醉科的医生就来带大家揭开麻醉的神秘面纱。
手脚打针
首先说说手脚上打麻醉针，其实就是指我们经常提到的全身麻醉所需要开放的外周静脉。全身麻醉药物大多通过血液进入人体抵达全身和大脑，发挥麻醉效果，因此第一步就是要建立一个有效的静脉输液通道，俗称“患者的生命线”，也就是人们口中的手脚上的打针。有了它，麻醉医护人员就可以将麻醉药物注射到静脉中，达到类似睡眠的麻醉状态，就可以实施手术了。
待手术结束后，麻醉医护人员会精准地掌握麻醉药物的代谢时间，停止持续输注的麻醉药物，等待患者的苏醒。一般患者在苏醒后只会记得手上打了一针，医生说睡一觉吧，就沉沉睡去，而对于其他麻醉过程及手术所造成的伤害性刺激毫无记忆。
腰背打针
打在腰背上的麻醉是指椎管内麻醉，这也是我们麻醉常用的另一种方法，也就是俗称的“半麻”。医生会在患者的后背向椎管内打一针，将麻醉药物注入椎管的蛛网膜下腔或硬膜外腔，通过控制麻醉平面，达到下腹部及下肢麻木、失去痛觉的目的，使患者顺利完成下腹部或下肢的手术。有时候还可以放一根软软的管子在后背，帮助患者渡过难熬的术后疼痛期。
需要特别强调的是，麻醉医生并不是打完了这一针就万事大吉了，麻醉医生会一直陪伴在手术患者周围，做围术期的“守护神”，对患者的整个手术过程进行全面的管理，做到“眼观六路，耳听八方”，做好一个“外科医生中的内科医生”，具备对术中出现的各种危机事件进行及时的应对和处理的能力，做到“化险为夷”。
俗话说，“只有小手术，没有小麻醉”。“打一针”看似很简单，但打完这一针后的麻醉维持、麻醉管理、患者的苏醒才能真正体现出麻醉医护工作者的工作难度与重要性所在。用一句话来说：麻醉不只是为了沉睡，而是为了更好地苏醒。
文/武昊天 (北京清华长庚医院)
中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
